Hey, Los-Ancelesd\u0259ki Jack, orada y\u0259qin ki, a\u011fl\u0131n\u0131za g\u0259l\u0259n yegan\u0259 f\u0131rlanan k\u00fcr\u0259l\u0259r y\u00fcks\u0259k m\u0259bl\u0259\u011fli poker oyunundak\u0131 fi\u015fl\u0259r v\u0259 ya Sunset Bulvar\u0131 boyunca s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 ged\u0259n avtomobilinizin t\u0259k\u0259rl\u0259ridir. Amma m\u0259nim sah\u0259md\u0259 \u2014 Sietld\u0259ki aerokosmik anqaralardan Detroytdak\u0131 avtomobil zavodlar\u0131na q\u0259d\u0259r keramika s\u0259nayesind\u0259 40 illik t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259 il\u0259 \u2014 silikon nitrit (Si3N4) k\u00fcr\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259sl y\u00fcks\u0259k m\u0259bl\u0259\u011fli oyun\u00e7ulard\u0131r. Bu d\u0259qiqlikl\u0259 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f k\u00fcr\u0259l\u0259r sad\u0259c\u0259 k\u00fcr\u0259 deyil; onlar rulmanlarda, klapanlarda v\u0259 dayanmadan s\u00fcr\u0259t, istilik v\u0259 m\u00f6hk\u0259mlik t\u0259l\u0259b ed\u0259n texnologiyalarda oyunun qaydalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015fdir\u0259nl\u0259rdir. M\u0259n onlar\u0131 50 000 rpm-d\u0259 ulayan reaktiv m\u00fch\u0259rrikl\u0259r v\u0259 bir milyon mil sakitc\u0259 i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259n elektrik m\u00fch\u0259rrikl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn spesifikasiya etmi\u015f\u0259m. Bu m\u0259qal\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259n bunlar\u0131 sexd\u0259 piv\u0259 \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u0259 dan\u0131\u015fd\u0131\u011f\u0131m kimi sad\u0259c\u0259 izah ed\u0259c\u0259y\u0259m: n\u0259 olduqlar\u0131n\u0131, nec\u0259 haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, niy\u0259 r\u0259qibsiz olduqlar\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 real d\u00fcnyada qazand\u0131qlar\u0131 u\u011furlar\u0131. T\u0259xmin\u0259n 800 s\u00f6z olacaq, birba\u015fa al\u0259t qutumdan.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u018fvv\u0259lc\u0259, silikon nitrit k\u00fcr\u0259l\u0259ri y\u00fcks\u0259k performansl\u0131 keramika k\u00fcr\u0259l\u0259ridir, ad\u0259t\u0259n diametri 1 mm-d\u0259n 50 mm-\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r olur, oksid olmayan keramika material\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlan\u0131r v\u0259 iki dollarl\u0131q biftekt\u0259n d\u0259 m\u00f6hk\u0259mdir. Si3N4 silikon v\u0259 azotdan sintez olunur, s\u0131x (3,2 g\/sm\u00b3), s\u0259rt (HV 1400\u20131700) v\u0259 t\u0259xmin\u0259n 6\u20137 MPa\u00b7m^{1\/2} q\u0131r\u0131lma m\u00f6hk\u0259mliyin\u0259 malik kovalent kristal tor yaratmaqla, bu da \u0259ks\u0259r keramikalardan xeyli yax\u015f\u0131d\u0131r, y\u0259ni par\u00e7alanmadan z\u0259rb\u0259y\u0259 d\u00f6z\u00fcr. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 termal geni\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259 (3 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076\/K) onlar\u0131 temperatur d\u0259yi\u015fiklikl\u0259rind\u0259 sabit saxlay\u0131r v\u0259 oksidl\u0259\u015fm\u0259d\u0259n havada 1200 \u00b0C-y\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r temperaturlara davam g\u0259tirirl\u0259r. Elektrik izolyasiyas\u0131? \u018fn y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u0259viyy\u0259d\u0259, maqnit sah\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 girdab c\u0259r\u0259yanlar\u0131 yaranm\u0131r. 1986-c\u0131 ild\u0259 bir turbina layih\u0259sind\u0259 bu materiala vuruldum: polad toplar istid\u0259n deformasiya olurdu; bu Si3N4 m\u00f6c\u00fcz\u0259l\u0259ri is\u0259 soyuq v\u0259 d\u0259qiq i\u015fl\u0259yirdi.<\/p>\n
Onlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaq elm v\u0259 t\u0259r qar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Biz ultra-saf silikon tozunu 1 400 \u00b0C-d\u0259 ammonyakda nitirl\u0259\u015fdir\u0259r\u0259k Si3N4 \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tirm\u0259kl\u0259 ba\u015flay\u0131r\u0131q, sonra s\u0131xla\u015fd\u0131rma \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yttriya v\u0259 ya al\u00fcminan\u0131n (5\u201310%) k\u00f6m\u0259yi il\u0259 inc\u0259 \u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fck. Qar\u0131\u015f\u0131q izostatik s\u0131xma \u00fcsulu il\u0259 ya\u015f\u0131l toplar \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 s\u0131x\u0131l\u0131r\u2014m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259l dair\u0259vilik \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n b\u0259rab\u0259r t\u0259zyiq. Sonra is\u0259 isti izostatik presl\u0259m\u0259 (HIP): 1700\u20131900 \u00b0C-d\u0259 200 MPa argon alt\u0131nda porlar s\u0131x\u0131l\u0131r, s\u0131xl\u0131q 99%+ s\u0259viyy\u0259sin\u0259 \u00e7at\u0131r. Sinterl\u0259\u015fm\u0259d\u0259n sonra almaz cilalama Ra 0,01 \u00b5m g\u00fczg\u00fc s\u0259th \u0259ld\u0259 edir \u2013 sferiklik 0,0005 mm daxilind\u0259. Yaponiyada t\u0259miz otaqlarda dayan\u0131b h\u0259r bir k\u00fcr\u0259ni lazerl\u0259 yoxlayan qur\u011fulara baxm\u0131\u015fam; bir q\u00fcsur olsa, o tullant\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r. Sinifl\u0259r m\u00fcxt\u0259lifdir: q\u0259na\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qaz t\u0259zyiqi il\u0259 sinterl\u0259nmi\u015f, elit performans \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn HIP edilmi\u015f. X\u00fcsusi dopinq x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259ri d\u0259yi\u015fdirir \u2013 m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, daha yax\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nma m\u00fcqavim\u0259ti \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn al\u00fcminan\u0131n \u0259lav\u0259 edilm\u0259si.<\/p>\n
X\u00fcsusi keyfiyy\u0259tl\u0259r Si3N4 toplar\u0131n\u0131 \u0259fsan\u0259y\u0259 \u00e7evirir. Polad\u0131n s\u0131xl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 centrifuqal q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259ri 60% azald\u0131r, bu da rulmanlar\u0131n az ya\u011fla 20-50% daha s\u00fcr\u0259tli f\u0131rlanmas\u0131na imkan verir. Yor\u011funluq \u00f6mr\u00fc? Rulman kontakt\u0131nda poladdan 10 d\u0259f\u0259 \u00e7ox. Korroziya? Tur\u015fulara, duzlara v\u0259 suya laqeyd yana\u015f\u0131rlar \u2014 d\u0259niz v\u0259 kimy\u0259vi m\u00fchitl\u0259r \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259ldir. \u0130stilik ke\u00e7iriciliyi (20\u201330 Vt\/m\u00b7K) istiliyi s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 yay\u0131r. Apard\u0131\u011f\u0131m testl\u0259rd\u0259 Si3N4 topu 10 000 rpm-d\u0259 10 milyon d\u00f6vr\u0259 d\u00f6z\u00fcb, polad is\u0259 1 milyon d\u00f6vr\u0259d\u0259 yorulub. Q\u0131r\u0131qd\u0131r? B\u0259li, amma m\u00fch\u0259ndislik hibridl\u0259ri (keramika toplar, polad yuvalar) bunu azald\u0131r. Qiym\u0259t: h\u0259r top \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn $5\u201350, amma investisiyan\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc b\u00f6y\u00fckd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
T\u0259tbiql\u0259r? S\u0259ma h\u0259ddi var. Hibrid rulmanlar h\u00f6km s\u00fcr\u00fcr: di\u015f h\u0259kimi qazmalar\u0131 400 000 rpm-d\u0259, ma\u015f\u0131n al\u0259tl\u0259ri 60 000 rpm-d\u0259. M\u0259n Kaliforniyadak\u0131 bir CNC sexin\u0259 Si3N4-\u0259 ke\u00e7m\u0259y\u0259 k\u00f6m\u0259k etdim; vibrasiya 40% azald\u0131, s\u0259th keyfiyy\u0259ti 25% yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131. Elektrikli avtomobill\u0259r onlar\u0131 sevir \u2013 Tesla v\u0259 Porsche t\u0259k\u0259r d\u00fcy\u00fcnl\u0259ri \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn hibrid rulmanlardan istifad\u0259 edir, yay\u0131lmayan \u00e7\u0259kini azald\u0131r v\u0259 h\u0259r\u0259k\u0259t diapazonunu art\u0131r\u0131r. Aerokosmik s\u0259naye: reaktiv m\u00fch\u0259rrikin \u0259sas \u015faftlar\u0131, burada Si3N4 800\u00b0C-d\u0259 v\u0259 g-q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 davam g\u0259tirir. Tibb: MRT skanerl\u0259ri, maqnit m\u00fcdaxil\u0259si yoxdur. Klapanlar v\u0259 nasoslar: yanacaq inyektorlar\u0131nda v\u0259 ya slurry nasoslar\u0131nda check balls kimi istifad\u0259 olunur, karbidd\u0259n 3 d\u0259f\u0259 uzun\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcr. M\u00f6ht\u0259\u015f\u0259m n\u00fcmun\u0259: Mojav\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259t verdiyim k\u00fcl\u0259k turbini \u00f6t\u00fcrm\u0259 qutusu. Polad toplar duzlu havadan s\u0259b\u0259biyl\u0259 \u00e7\u00f6k\u0259klikl\u0259r \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tirirdi; Si3N4 is\u0259 8 il texniki xidm\u0259t t\u0259l\u0259b etm\u0259d\u0259n i\u015fl\u0259y\u0259r\u0259k h\u0259r turbin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn 200 k q\u0259na\u0259t etdi.<\/p>\n
Niy\u0259 Si3N4 zirkoniya v\u0259 ya al\u00fcminadan \u00fcst\u00fcn tutulur? Zirkoniya daha m\u00f6hk\u0259mdir (K1c 10 MPa\u00b7m^{1\/2}), lakin daha s\u0131x v\u0259 bahal\u0131d\u0131r, 200 \u00b0C-d\u0259n yuxar\u0131 fazalar\u0131 qeyri-sabitdir. Alumina daha s\u0259rtdir, amma \u015f\u00fc\u015f\u0259 kimi k\u00f6vr\u0259kdir. Si3N4 is\u0259 tarazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 qoruyur: y\u00fcng\u00fcl, m\u00f6hk\u0259m, istiliy\u0259 davaml\u0131. Poladla m\u00fcqayis\u0259d\u0259: paslanma yoxdur, a\u015f\u0131nma qal\u0131qlar\u0131 azd\u0131r, ya\u011flay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc uzan\u0131r. Ekoloji bonus: daha y\u00fcng\u00fcl komponentl\u0259r t\u0259yyar\u0259 v\u0259 avtomobill\u0259rd\u0259 yanacaq s\u0259rfiyyat\u0131n\u0131 azald\u0131r. Hibrid elektrik m\u00fch\u0259rrikinin testind\u0259 Si3N4 enerji itkisini 15% azaltd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fru se\u00e7m\u0259k t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259b edir. Y\u00fckl\u0259m\u0259 d\u0259r\u0259c\u0259sini uy\u011funla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131n: d\u0259qiqlik \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ABEC 5\u20139. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fc tolerans\u0131: G5 v\u0259 ya daha yax\u015f\u0131 (0,000125 mm sapma). Y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u00fcr\u0259t \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn HIP'd inc\u0259 d\u0259n\u0259li se\u00e7in. H\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 uy\u011fun rulmanlarla c\u00fctl\u0259\u015fdirin\u2014az s\u00fcrt\u00fcnm\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn PEEK qap\u0131lar. Avadanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda test edin: onlar\u0131 f\u0131rlad\u0131n v\u0259 temperaturu\/vibrasiyan\u0131 izl\u0259yin. Pe\u015f\u0259kar m\u0259sl\u0259h\u0259t: qura\u015fd\u0131rma zaman\u0131 z\u0259rb\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n \u00e7\u0259kinin; plastik al\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n istifad\u0259 edin. Bax\u0131m? Minimumdur\u2014kritik t\u0259tbiql\u0259rd\u0259 \u00e7atlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn illik ultras\u0259s yoxlamas\u0131.<\/p>\n
G\u0259l\u0259c\u0259yin f\u0131rlan\u0131r, v\u0259h\u015fil\u0259\u015fir. Nano-Si3N4 qrafenl\u0259 birlikd\u0259 hipersonik \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn m\u00f6hk\u0259mliyi art\u0131r\u0131r. F\u0259rdi klapanlar \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn uy\u011funla\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f mikroyap\u0131l\u0131 3D \u00e7ap olunmu\u015f toplar. Kvant hesablama sah\u0259sind\u0259 onlar kriyo-nasoslarda istifad\u0259 olunur. LA-da sizin yax\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda elektrik avtomobill\u0259rinin say\u0131 s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259 art\u0131r, t\u0259l\u0259b y\u00fcks\u0259lir \u2014 gigafabrikl\u0259r onlar\u0131 y\u0131\u011fma robotlar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ehtiyac duyur.<\/p>\n
Son olaraq, Cek: silikon nitrit k\u00fcr\u0259l\u0259ri g\u00f6z qama\u015fd\u0131ran cihazlar deyil; onlar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n problemsiz f\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259min ed\u0259n s\u0259ssiz pe\u015f\u0259karlard\u0131r. Onlar u\u011fursuzluq hekay\u0259l\u0259rimi u\u011fura \u00e7evirib, gurultulu turbinl\u0259rd\u0259n s\u0259ssiz elektrik avtomobill\u0259rin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r. \u018fg\u0259r y\u00fcks\u0259k s\u00fcr\u0259tli avadanl\u0131qlarla oynay\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131zsa v\u0259 ya s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259liliyi art\u0131rmaq ist\u0259yirsinizs\u0259, bu k\u00fcr\u0259l\u0259r sizin gizli silah\u0131n\u0131zd\u0131r. Onlar r\u0259qibl\u0259rini f\u0131rlanma s\u00fcr\u0259ti, davaml\u0131l\u0131q v\u0259 keyfiyy\u0259t bax\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00fcst\u0259l\u0259y\u0259c\u0259k. Bir rulman\u0131n\u0131z ili\u015fib? Texniki g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259ri g\u00f6nd\u0259r\u2014m\u0259n daha pis v\u0259ziyy\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259n \u00e7\u0131x\u0131\u015f yolu tapm\u0131\u015fam.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Silicon Nitride Balls: The Super-Tough Spheres That Spin Faster, Last Longer, and Defy Extreme Conditions Hey Jack, out there in LA where the only spinning spheres you might think of are the ones in a high-stakes poker game or the wheels on your ride cruising down Sunset Boulevard. But in my neck of the woods\u201440 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/siliconnitrideballs.net\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/siliconnitrideballs.net\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/siliconnitrideballs.net\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/siliconnitrideballs.net\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/siliconnitrideballs.net\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/siliconnitrideballs.net\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37,"href":"https:\/\/siliconnitrideballs.net\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34\/revisions\/37"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/siliconnitrideballs.net\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/siliconnitrideballs.net\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/siliconnitrideballs.net\/az\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}